10-Title: Morphodiagnostic insight into the elbow joint of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus)
Authors: P Jain, R Vaish, S Jawre, A Shahi, N Gupta and S Tekam
Source: Ruminant Science (2023)-12(2):229-234.

Abstract

How to cite this manuscript: Jain P, Vaish R, Jawre S, Shahi A, Gupta N and Tekam S (2023). Morphodiagnostic insight into the elbow joint of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus). Ruminant Science 12(2):229-234.
Abstract
Joint efficiency is a very important tool for the locomotion of quadruped animals. With the advancement of age, this structure is subjected to various ailments. Joint abnormalities not only affect the health status but also hamper the productivity of the animals. Ultrasonography and radiography are the two well-established modalities for the diagnosis of arthritis, but they require knowledge about the normal structure. However, very few studies are available on the normal ultrasonography and radiographic details of exotic cattle elbow joints, and no report is available on indigenous cattle (Bos indicus). This study aimed to evaluate the morphological structure of the joint along with its radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance. This work will also be helpful in seeing the differences between the two age groups (young and adult). For this purpose, six elbow joints of indigenous cattle cadavers were categorized into groups I (six months to one year of age) and II (four to five years of age). Gross, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examinations were performed. Grossly, the length and width of the collateral ligaments of the joint varied according to age, and they were significantly (p<0.01) higher in group II than in group I. Radiographically, the thickness of joint space and epiphysis was higher in group I than in group II; however, variability was also observed. The ultrasonographic structures evaluated were the lateral collateral ligaments, the biceps brachii tendon, the triceps brachii tendon, and the articular space. Mimicking of the structure for the diagnosis of articulating bony surfaces and soft tissue such as ligaments was pronounced in the radiograph and ultrasonogram, respectively. It is expected that this information will enhance the knowledge of clinicians as well as scientists working with experimental surgical interventions. References Bellegard GM, Lopes CÉR, Bisetto SP and Hage MCFNS (2019). Musculoskeletal ultrasonography of the elbow joint in dogs: Applicability and evaluation protocol. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39:419-428. Borges NC, Weissengruber GE, Huber J and Koffler J (2015). Ultrasonographic examination of the elbow region in calves and cows. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 128:416-424. Chong TE and Davies HMS (2018). Investigating canine elbow joint stabilisation through mechanical constraints of the deep fascia and other soft tissues. Journal of Anatomy 232:407-421. Dyson S (1986). Interpreting radiographs 7: Radiology of the equine shoulder and elbow. Equine Veterinary Journal 18(5):352-36. Kayastha P, Khatun N, Regmi PR, Dhakal P, Adhikari G, Upadhyaya RU and Maharjan S 2021. Radiographic measurements of normal knee joint space in adults. Nepalese Journal of Radiology 11(2):19-25. Kofler J (2000). Ultrasonographic examination of the carpal region in cattle-Normal appearance. Veterinary Journal 159:85-96. Kofler J (2009). Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in bovine musculocutaneous disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 25:687-731. Lamb CR and Wong K (2005). Ultrasonographic anatomy of the canine elbow. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 46:319-325. Misk NA, Seleim MA, Mansour AA and Ahmed IH (1994). Radiographical study on the fusion of the ossification loci of the bones of the elbow joint in Balady cattle. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 31(61):269-279. Madushanka DNN, Ranasingha VM, Bandara AMS, Mayurawansha WRAS and Magamage MPS (2016). Body condition score and locomotion score help to predict reproductive and health performances of dairy cattle. Ruminant Science 5(2):179-186. Raghavan D (1964). The Anatomy of the Ox with Comparative Notes on the Horse, Dog and Fowl. 1st Edn, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.