35-Title: Anthelmintic activity of Saraca asoca (roxb.) bark extracts against benzimidazole resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of goats

Authors: Siddhant Bendigeri, Giridhari Das, Suman Kumar, Rupesh Verma and Rupanjali Saiyam

Source: Ruminant Science (2021)-10(1):177-182.

How to cite this manuscript: Bendigeri Siddhant, Das Giridhari, Kumar Suman, Verma Rupesh and Saiyam Rupanjali (2021). Anthelmintic activity of Saraca asoca (roxb.) bark extracts against benzimidazole resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. Ruminant Science 10(1):177-182.

Abstract

Anthelmintic activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) bark were evaluated against benzimidazole resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of goats by using both in vitro tests viz. egg hatch test (EHT), larval paralysis test (LPT) and adult mortality test (AMT) and in vivo test, faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). EHT revealed 100 per cent efficacy at 100 mg/ml (10%), 50 mg/ml (5%) and 25 mg/ml (2.5%) concentration of methanolic and aqueous extracts of the bark. Aqueous extract showed better ED50 (0.156 mg/ml) as compared to methanolic extract (0.357 mg/ml). LPT revealed better efficacy for methanolic extract (99.39% at 100 mg/ml concentration) as compared to aqueous extract (61.06% at 100 mg/ml concentration). Methanolic extract showed better ED50 value (0.552 mg/ml) as compared to aqueous extract (3.050 mg/ml). In AMT, 100 per cent mortality of adult worms was observed at concentrations of 100 mg/ml (10%), 50 mg/ml (5%), 25 mg/ml (2.5%), 12.5 mg/ml (1.25%) and 6.25 mg/ml (0.625%) for methanolic extract and at 100 mg/ml (10%) for aqueous extract.  In in-vivo test, adult goats having egg per gram of faeces (EPG)>300 were selected for the study. A significant reduction (p<0.01)) was observed on day 14 (75.00%) post-treatment in goats treated with methanolic extract of bark as compared to the untreated control. No significant reduction was observed in goats treated with aqueous extract as compared to the control. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Saraca asoca showed better efficacy as compared to aqueous extract.

References

Bachaya HA, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Jabbar A, Gilani AH and Din IU (2009). In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Terminalia arjuna bark. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11:273-278.

Bendigeri S, Das G, Shrman K, Kumar S, Khare RK, Sachan S and Saiyam R (2019). Phytochemical analysis of Saraca asoca bark and Azadirachta indica seeds. International Journal of Chemical Study 7:126-131.

Das G, Dixit AK, Nath S, Agrawal V and Dongre S (2015). Levamisole and fenbendazole resistance among gastrointestinal nematodes in goats at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 29(2):98-102.

Dash KM, Hall E and Barger IA (1988). The role of arithmetic and geometric mean worm egg counts in faecal egg count reduction tests and in monitoring strategic drenching programs in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal 65(2):66-68.

Dixit AK, Das G, Dixit P, Singh AP, Kumbhakar NK, Sankar M and Sharma RL (2017). An assessment of benzimidazole resistance against caprine nematodes in Central India. Tropical Animal Health and Production 49(7):1471-1478.

Edwards CA and Bohlen PJ (1996). Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. 3rd Edn, Chapman and Hall, London.

Eguale T, Debella A and Feleke A (2006). In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude bark extracts of Albizia gummifera on Haemonchus contortus. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 54(3):168-74.

Eguale T, Tadesse D and Giday M (2011). In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of five medicinal plants against egg-hatching and larval development of Haemonchus contortus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137(1):108-13.

Finney DJ (1971). Probit Analysis. 3rdEdn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 333.

Gomes DC, de Lima HG, Vaz AV, Santos NS, Santos FO, Dias ÊR, Botura MB, Branco A and Batatinha MJ (2016). In vitro anthelmintic activity of the Zizyphus joazeiro bark against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats and its cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Veterinary Parasitology 226:10-16.

Hafiz A, Kalita DN and Dutta TC (2020). Emergence of anthelmintic resistance in an organized goat farm in Assam. Ruminant Science 9(2):263-266.

Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Elango G, Bagavan A and Zahir AA (2011). Anthelmintic activity of botanical extracts against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes, Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology Research 109(1):37-45.

Kanojiya D, Shanker D, Sudan V, Jaiswal AK and Parashar R (2015). Assessment of in vitro and in vivo anthelminthic potential of extracts of Allium sativum bulb against naturally occurring ovine gastrointestinal nematodiosis. Veterinary Quarterly 35(4):200-206.

Lata Kusum, Das G, Kumbhakar NK and Saiyam R (2018). Prevalence and risk factors associated with strongyles infection in goats in and around Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Ruminant Science 7(1):5-9.

Lata Kusum, Das G, Kumbhakar NK and Nath S (2020). Assessment of comparative efficacy of drugs against benzimidazole resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. Ruminant Science 9(1):49-54.

Mohan C, Saxena N, Fozdar BI, Kumar R, Sharma ML, Mudgal V, Dey A and Punia BS (2016). In vitro evaluation of few indigenously known herbal plants for their anthelmintic property. Asian Journal of Chemistry 28(5):1001-1003.

Molan AL, Waghorn GC and McNabb WC (2002). Effect of condensed tannins on egg hatching and larval development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro. Veterinary Record 150(3):65-69.

Pradhan P, Joseph L, Gupta V, Chulet R, Arya H, Verma R and Bajpai A  (2009). Saraca asoca (Ashoka): A review. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 1(1):62-71.

Priscilla FX, Amin MR and Rahman S (2014). Comparative study of neem (Azadirachta indica), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) extract as herbal anthelmintic and albendazole as a chemical anthelmintic in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 7(2):33-37.

Saiyam R, Das G, Kumar S, Verma R, Shrman K, Pradhan S, Lata K and Bendigeri S (2021). Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Butea frondosa (Koeing ex Roxb.) seeds extracts against benzimidazole resistant caprine gastrointestinal nematodes. Journal of Animal Research 11(1):1-7.

Singh AK, Singh AK, Singh M, Yadav VK and Singh N (2014). In-vitro anthelmintic activity of stem bark extracts of Saraca indica Roxb. against Pheretima posthuma. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry 7(2):141-143.

Singh G, Singh R, Verma PK, Singh R and Anand A (2015). Anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous extract of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze against Haemonchus contortus of sheep and goats. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 39(2):200-205.

Sloss MW, Kemp RL and Zajac AM (1997). Veterinary Clinical Parasitology. 6thEdn, International Book Distributing Co, Lucknow, p 198.

Snedecor GW and Cochran WG (1994). Statistical Methods. 7th Edn, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, pp 1-593.

Soulsby EJL (1982.). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th Edn, Baillière Tindall, London, p 291.

Taylor MA, Hunt KR and Goodyear KL (2002). Anthelmintic resistance detection methods. Veterinary Parasitology 103(3):183-194.