9-Title: B-mode ultrasonography of mammary gland in Jamunapari goats
Authors: Surya Pratap Singh, S Purohit, RP Pandey and Gulshan Kumar
Source: Ruminant Science (2025)-14(1):49-56.

Abstract

9. How to cite this manuscript: Singh Surya Pratap, Purohit S, Pandey RP and Kumar Gulshan (2025). B-mode ultrasonography of mammary gland in Jamunapari goats. Ruminant Science 14(1):49-56.
Abstract
The present study was conducted on Jamunapari goats aged 5 years, in their 5th parity and the same gestational trimester, at the Goat Farm of the institute. The study involved three groups. Group-I included six dry Jamunapari goats, while Group-II was further divided into two sub-groups: Group-IIA with six pre-milking goats and Group-IIB with six post-milking goats. B-mode ultrasonography was used to examine the udder and teats, assessing echotexture and biometric parameters across all groups. Goats were restrained gently without sedation or anaesthesia. Ultrasonography revealed that the glandular udder parenchyma appeared as a homogeneous hyperechoic structure with anechoic lobes and visible blood vessels. The gland cistern appeared as an anechoic area containing lactiferous ducts. The mean diameter of the gland cistern was 34.16±1.05 mm in the pre-milking group, 16.50±0.51 mm in the post-milking group, and 8.40±0.12 mm in the dry animals. The teat cistern was observed as an anechoic structure encased by a hyperechoic line representing the teat wall. The mean lengths of the teat cistern were 56.46±0.94 mm in the pre-milking group, 36.75±0.82 mm in the post-milking group, and 29.36±0.68 mm in the dry animals, while the mean diameters were 32.10±1.08 mm, 18.25±1.08 mm, and 13.85±0.26 mm, respectively. The rosette of Furstenberg appeared as a hypoechoic to anechoic structure extending from the streak canal into the teat sinus, with mean diameters of 8.17±0.40 mm in the pre-milking group, 7.61±0.37 mm in the post-milking group, and 6.59±0.07 mm in dry animals. The teat wall displayed a three-layer structure: an outer hyperechoic layer, a middle hypoechoic layer and an inner hyperechoic layer. The mean thicknesses of the teat wall at the tip, mid and base in the pre-milking group were 5.74±0.36 mm, 4.54±0.30 mm and 6.45±0.34 mm, respectively; in the post-milking group, 6.53±0.31 mm, 5.08±0.31 mm and 7.53±0.21 mm; and in the dry animals, 6.33±0.09 mm, 5.33±0.04 mm, and 7.34±0.07 mm, respectively. The mean length of the streak canal was 14.35±0.74 mm in the pre-milking group, 17.84±1.21 mm in the post-milking group, and 11.86±0.18 mm in the dry animal group. The present study highlights the ultrasonographic characteristics of normal and clinically affected udder and teat structures in Jamunapari goats, providing valuable insights for veterinary diagnosis and management.
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